This study analyzes 3.4 million real applicants and 4 million applications across 156 U.S. employers. It finds position-level racial adverse impact that aggregate analysis can obscure, especially affecting Black and Asian applicants. The authors also show that reliance on a single vendor can create homogeneous outcomes and systemic rejections, calling for stronger audits, surveillance, and researcher access.
The article explains why blockchain transparency has not automatically made corporate crypto holdings auditable: auditors still need evidence of ownership, custody, valuation, classification, and internal controls. Taiwan’s exchange-related bodies and accounting standards stakeholders have issued guidance for stablecoin accounting and crypto-asset internal controls. The move gives listed companies and auditors a clearer framework, though auditability still depends on disciplined implementation by companies and service providers.